Educational Material

Transmission of Pneumococcal Disease

          How is it spread?

•    Nasopharyngeal carriage
•    Incubation time 1-3 days
•    Picked up by close contact
     -   Pre school 60%
     -   Primary school 35%
     -   High school 25%
     -   Adults who have children in their household 18-29%

          Who are at risk?

•    Underlying medical conditions
     -   Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency
     -   Sickle cell disease, asplenia, HIV
     -   Pulmonary disease
     -   Chronic heart disease
     -   Chronic renal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome
     -   Diabetes
     -   Prematurity
     -   Existing or cochlear implants
•    Age
     -   Children younger than 2 years old
•    Ethnic group
     -   Asians
     -   Hispanics
     -   Blacks
     -   Native Americans
•    Child care outside the home
     -   Child regularly looked after outside of the home at least 4 hours per week, and in the presence of at least two other children other than siblings